Thanks for the suggestion, Stephane!
Upon closer inspection of the other columns, it looks like the only two columns with missing values are V/Y/region and V/Y/school. In the screenshot below, the rows on top are from the Kobo API url and the ones at the bottom (with the values) are the corresponding, direct Kobo exports.
I looked at the users who entered this data and there are some repeats, but it’s across the board. It also doesn’t belong to submissions from a single date/week. The only other thing I can think of is this form had several deployed versions. Could that create an issue in terms of conversion?
I also tried instructions on this page to see whether connecting through csv instead of xls could resolve the issue, but the csv also has the same null values.