Thanks for reporting this issue. It looks like a workaround is to log in to KPI first with the newly created user’s credentials, for example:
john@world:~$ curl --user special_api_user:not_very_secret http://kf.kobo.local:9000/me/; echo
{"username":"special_api_user","first_name":"","last_name":"","email":"foo@bar.baz","server_time":"2021-11-18T01:41:37Z","date_joined":"2021-11-18T01:40:48Z","projects_url":"http://kc.kobo.local:9000/special_api_user","is_superuser":false,"gravatar":"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9050f8ea6abf7524e8ca40107fc8b00c?s=40","is_staff":false,"last_login":null,"extra_details":{"require_auth":false},"git_rev":false}
After that, the KoBoCAT OpenRosa endpoints, which use digest authentication, should work for the new user. I’ve filed a bug; please check the reproduction steps and add comments if your experience differs.